O androcentrismo do torcer: Do Universo do Futebol ao estádio contemporâneo / The androcentrism of cheering: From the SoccerUniverse to the contemporary stadium / El androcentrismo del hinchar: Del Universo del Fútbol al estadio contemporáneo

Objetivos: problematizamos como os sujeitos torcedores dialogam com oquadro normativo que naturaliza o ambiente dos estádios de futebol como masculino e heteronormativo, a partir de como esses mesmos sujeitos identificam suas alteridades.Metodologia:realizamos diálogos com grupos detorcedores nos quais discutíamosa mudança de um antigo estádio para uma nova arena e a possível presença de violência verbal durante as partidas.Resultados e discussão:os torcedores acabavam naturalizando o gosto pelo esporte para justificar uma maior presença masculina nos estádios;outros pareciam um tanto mais sensibilizados com pautasfeministas e condenavam suas próprias atitudes; à participação das mulheres é atribuída uma diferença natural; a maior presença das mulheres acaba sendo associada de forma direta a diminuição do machismo no futebol; homens não heterossexuais também são incluídos como a alteridade do "homem" torcedor;outra alteridade foi nomeada como família; incentivando a equipe,colaborando com o clube e performando "adequadamente", os torcedores homossexuais estariam autorizados a torcer com os demais.Considerações Finais:Podemos visualizar a existência de um quadro normativo que destaca a relação entre futebol e masculinidade no Brasil. Ele já aparecia com destaque quando do lançamento do Universo do futebol, em 1982,e parece ainda atual. Se o androcentrismo eradadocomonatural no Universo do futebolaqui ele é um elemento no centro das lutas por significados em um contexto social mais amplo e, também, em tudo o que envolva a prática e a apreciação do futebol.

Objectives: we problematize how the supporters dialogue with the normative framework that naturalizes the environment of football stadiums as masculine and heteronormative, based on how these same subjects identify their alterities. Methodology:we held dialogues with groups of fans in which we discussed the move from an old stadium to a new arena and the possible presence of verbal violence during matches. Results and discussion:fans ended up naturalizing the taste for the sport to justify a greater male presence in stadiums; others seemed somewhat more sensitized to feminist agendas and condemned their own attitudes; the participation of women is attributed a natural difference; the greater presence of women ends up being directly associated with the reduction of machismin soccer; non-heterosexual men are also included as the otherness of themalefan; another otherness was named as family; by encouraging the team, collaborating with the club and performing "properly", homosexual fans would be allowed to cheer with the others. Final Considerations:We can visualize the existence of a normative framework that highlights the relationship between football and masculinity in Brazil. It already appeared prominently when the Universe of Soccerwasreleased in 1982, and it still seems current. If androcentrism was taken for granted in the Universe of Soccer, here it is an element at the center of struggles for meaning in a broader social context and also in everything that involves the practice and appreciation of Soccer.

Objetivos: problematizamos cómo los hinchas dialogan con el marco normativo que naturaliza el ambiente de los estadios de fútbol como masculino y heteronormativo, a partir de cómo estos mismos sujetos identifican sus alteridades. Metodología:mantuvimos diálogos congrupos de hinchas en los que discutimos el traslado de un antiguo estadio a unanuevaarenay la posible presencia de violencia verbal durante los partidos. Resultados y discusión:loshinchasacabaronnaturalizando el gusto por el deporte para justificaruna mayor presencia masculina en los estadios; otros parecían algo más sensibilizadas con las agendas feministas y condenaban sus propias actitudes; a la participación de la mujer se le atribuye una diferencia natural; la mayor presencia de mujeres termina directamente asociada con la reducción del machismo en el fútbol; los hombres no heterosexuales también se incluyen como la alteridad del "hombre" hincha; otra alteridad fue nombrada como familia; animando al equipo, colaborando con el club y actuando "adecuadamente", los hinchashomosexuales podrían animar con los demás. Consideraciones finales:Podemos visualizar la existencia de un marco normativo que destaca la relación entre fútbol y masculinidad en Brasil. Ya apareció de forma destacada cuando se lanzó el Universo del Fútbolen 1982, y sigue pareciendo actual. Si el androcentrismo se daba como definitivoen el Universo del Fútbol, aquí es un elemento en el centro de las luchas por el sentido en un contexto social más amplio y también en todo lo que implica la práctica y apreciación del fútbol.

Do lazer ao espetáculo: a etnografia do fest verão de São Pedro da Aldeia / From leisure to spectacle: the ethnography of fest verão of São Pedro da Aldeia

O Fest Verão é uma manifestação cultural e esportiva que ocorre em São Pedro da Aldeia, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro-Brasil, desde 1969. É objetivo deste estudo, compreender seu processo histórico e, sobretudo, os sentidos e significados atribuídos ao evento pelos sujeitos locais. A pesquisa foi estruturada a partir da metodologia qualitativa orientada pelos princípios da etnografia. Os instrumentos utilizados foram entrevistas semiestruturadas e de grupo focal, análise de documentos e observação participante. A pesquisa foi realizada durante 12 meses (10/2015-10/2016), como pré-requisito para a defesa de conclusão do curso de mestrado em ciências da atividade física. Foram entrevistados 16 homens envolvidos diretamente com o futebol de praia, com idade entre 40 e 100 anos, sendo três sementes e 13 indicados pelo método bola de neve. Os dados encontrados foram interpretados a partir da triangulação dos diferentes instrumentos utilizados. Desta feita, foi possível concluir que a ocupação da Praia do Centro pelos jovens ao final da década de 1960 tinha como propósito apenas a prática do lazer. Mas, com a criação da praça de esportes no local e a realização da primeira competição oficial em 21 de dezembro de 1969, o Fest Verão começou sua história. À medida que crescia, o Fest Verão alcançava, naturalmente, o status de espetáculo. O que se percebeu decorrente deste processo foi a ruptura na identidade cultural do evento e daqueles que marcaram sua trajetória de vida sobre as areias da cidade.

The Fest Verão is a cultural and sporting event that takes place in São Pedro da Aldeia, in the State of Rio de Janeiro-Brazil, since 1969. The objective of this study is to understand its historical process and, above all, the meanings and meanings attributed to the event by the local subjects. The research was structured from the qualitative methodology guided by the principles of ethnography. The instruments used were semi-structured and focus group interviews, document analysis and participant observation. The research was carried out during 12 months (10 / 2015-10 / 2016), as a prerequisite for the defense of the conclusion of the master's degree in physical activity sciences. Sixteen men directly involved with beach soccer, aged between 40 and 100 years, were interviewed, being 3 seeds and 13 indicated by the snowball method. The data were interpreted from the triangulation of the different instruments used. This time, it was possible to conclude that the occupation of Praia do Centro by the young at the end of the 1960s had as purpose only the practice of leisure. But with the creation of the local sports square and the holding of the first official competition on December 21, 1969, the Fest Verão began its history. As it grew, the Fest Verão naturally reached the status of spectacle. What was perceived as a result of this process was the rupture in the cultural identity of the event and of those who marked their life trajectory on the sands of the city.

Football and post-war reintegration: exploring the role of sport in DDR processes in Sierra Leone.

Growing enthusiasm for 'Sport for development and peace' (SDP) projects around the world has created a much greater interest among critical scholars seeking to interrogate potential gains, extant limitations and challenges of using sport to advance 'development' and 'peace' in Africa. Despite this interest, the role of sport in post-conflict peace building remains poorly understood. Since peace building, as a field of study, lends itself to practical approaches that seek to address underlying sources of violent conflict, it is surprising that it has neglected to take an interest in sport, especially its grassroots models. In Africa, football (soccer) in particular has a strong appeal because of its popularity and ability to mobilise individuals and communities. Through a case study on Sierra Leone, this paper focuses on sports in a particularly prominent post-civil war UN intervention­the disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) process­to determine how ex-youth combatants, camp administrators and caregivers perceive the role and significance of sporting activities in interim care centres (ICCS) or DDR camps. It argues that sporting experiences in ddr processes are fruitful microcosms for understanding nuanced forms of violence and healing among youth combatants during their reintegration process.

Tackling femininity: the heterosexual paradigm and women's soccer in South Africa.

Sport is a social institution that perpetuates gendered ideologies in the wider society through appealing to discourses of the naturalness of men's privilege and domination in society. Heteronormativity regulates the roles, behaviours, appearances and sexualities of, and relationships between and among, women and men. Moreover, heteronormative discourses normalise a particular relationship between sex, gender and sexuality that posits woman/feminine/heterosexual (and man/masculine/heterosexual) as a natural order from which variance is considered a punishable deviance. This paper outlines the effects of heteronormative discourses in the lives of women footballers in South Africa, through drawing on interviews with a wide range of women footballers. The paper shows how heteronormative discourses nurture homophobic attitudes that serve to regulate the appearances and performances of South African women.

Football in inter-war Northern Ireland: Ballymena Football and Athletic Club Limited - religious and political exclusivity or civic inclusivity?

Historians have almost universally seen association football in the north of Ireland as a divisive influence. The impacts of sectarian and political tensions on the game have been stressed, alongside the extent to which this sport supposedly feeds into existing divisions. Much of the work carried out has concentrated on the last four decades, though even studies outside this period of widespread civil disorder have highlighted these problems. This paper uses the surviving records of the Ballymena Football and Athletic Club, the local press, census returns and other records to consider aspects of one particular Northern Irish club in the 1920s and 1930s. This short consideration of the players, supporters and shareholders suggests that at least in this case football was successful in bringing together and developing cooperation between men of widely differing political and religious views. While the club was a not a financial success, it was a social and sporting one. The evidence available suggests there was little exhibition of sectarian tension at any level.

Trinity mysteries: university, elite schooling and sport in Ireland.

The development of sport in Ireland was, contrary to some arguments, highly influenced by English examples and Anglo-Irish institutions. Trinity College and prestigious Irish schools did have an impact, as did the number of Irish students sent to England for public school or university education. Athleticism was evident in Ireland as it was in England. Although the development of soccer did follow a slightly different trajectory from other sports, as was also the case in both England and Scotland, this does not mean that it departed from this broad evolutionary model of Irish sport. Yet this was Ireland: and Ireland was different. As opposition to British rule intensified, forms of sporting participation took on more and more of a national symbolism. The outcome was the emergence of a very potent form of athleticism: an Irish athleticism for an Irish people.

Futebol e ferrovia: a história de um trem da industrialização que parte para o noroeste paulista / Football and rail: a train of industrialization that the northwest part paulista

O artigo busca desenvolver a relação entre a expansão da rede ferroviária no interior paulista e a evolução das práticas esportivas, mais especificamente o futebol. A ideia central é que o movimento ocorre do meio urbano para o interior, percebido agora não mais como um espaço tradicionalmente rural, mas no bojo do surgimento e expansão de vilas e cidades. Procura apontar as principais características da realidade política, econômica e social do Brasil na primeira metade do século XX e contribuir para a discussão sobre o desenvolvimento das práticas esportivas no período.

The article seeks to develop the relationship between the expansion of railway network in São Paulo and the evolution of sports, especially the soccer. The central idea is that movement occurs in urban areas to the interior, not as a traditionally rural area, but in the midst of the emergence and expansion of towns and cities. It identifies the main features of political scenario, economic and social in Brazil in the first half of the twentieth century and contribute to the discussion on the development of sports in the period.

The yearbook for folk and youth games: a neglected source in German sports history.

The article deals with the founding circumstances of German sport associations. It argues from a sociological point of view bringing together the structural changes of modern society and the development of youth as a societal group of its own. The author holds that the beginning of the German sport movement was closely connected to the phenomenon of group building processes furthered by the Central Board for Furthering Folk and Youth Games, a social initiative whose activities have been underestimated by sporthistorians as well as sportsociologists. In the organisation's publication organ The Yearbook for Folk and Youth Games many of the elements were first outlined which characterize German sport associations until today.

The early evolution of modern sport in Latin America: a mainly English middle-class inspiration.

In any consideration of cultural diffusion, what matters is not only what happens to a cultural form when it arrives, but that it arrives. In the twentieth century, Latin America, like too many other areas of the world, has been a place of diplomatic turmoil, social inequality, political paranoia, capitalist exploitation and class conflict. However, despite all this, and through all this, it may be stated factually and without sentimentality, that it has also been a place where people have survived and thrived, worked, loved and played. Modern sport has brought to their play both unhappy moments of disillusion and disappointment and marvellous opportunities for illusion and pleasure. Modern sport, with its beauty spots and warts, is the reality and while there are things to criticize, there are also many things to applaud. Along with others, the English middle class played a not insignificant part in the arrival of modern sport in Latin America.

The later evolution of modern sport in Latin America: the North American influence.

American impact on modern sports in Latin America overlaps geographically and chronologically with the European, especially British, impact. Principally baseball in the Caribbean basin, more recently basketball and volleyball across the hemisphere and occasionally American football in more limited areas illustrate a north-to-south movement executed by businessmen, educators, missionaries, military personnel, returning travelers (often students), sports entrepreneurs and television. Often initially supported by promoters of development within Latin America, this transfer has altered local recreational patterns and attracted Latin athletes to pursue careers in North America, provoking accusations of cultural imperialism and exploitation.

"An epoch in the annals of national sport": football in Sheffield and the creation of modern soccer and rugby.

By the 1860s the two most prominent football cultures in Britain were in London and Sheffield. In 1863 the football culture in London created the Football Association, but within weeks a coup by those members who opposed a game that incorporated elements from that played at Rugby School led to the latter's supporters leaving. The fragmented FA continued to loose both members and influence and by 1867 was on the point of dissolving. By contrast, in terms of both rules and organization, the football culture of Sheffield was remarkably uniform and was the dominant centre of the game. The example set by Sheffield, coupled with the immense support that it provided to the ailing FA, enabled the London-based organization to survive and prosper.

Something of a curate's egg: comments on Adrian Harvey's An epoch in the annals of national sport.

This short review is an attempt to establish the balance of strengths and weaknesses in Harvey's essay. Its strengths seem to be principally two: (i) although he exaggerates its significance, Harvey is right to draw attention to the vibrant football culture that grew up in the Sheffield area in the 1850s and 60s; (ii) he is also right (and so is Goulstone) to point to the evidence for matches between pub sides of equal though variable numbers in the early nineteenth century. To my knowledge, this evidence is new and alters our understanding of the development of football in that period. However, the weaknesses in Harvey's case arguably outweigh its strengths. For example, he misconstrues the meaning of 'football' in medieval and early modern sources, wrongly assuming that the term referred to an entirely kicking game. Furthermore, Harvey's grounds for rejecting the influence of the public schools, especially Eton, on Sheffield football are flimsier than the admittedly scarce counter-evidence. Most importantly of all, Harvey shows a limited awareness of the variety of types of football that there were in these islands in the early nineteenth century and fails to situate his claims adequately in relation to the wider literature. In this connection, in his desire to downplay the role of the public schools, he neglects altogether the sociologically plausible suggestion that the initial bifurcation of rugby and soccer can be traced to Rugby-Eton rivalry in the 1840s.